A perceptual model was developed to evaluate the spatial quality of automotive audio systems by adapting the Quality Evaluation of Spatial Transmission and Reproduction by an Artificial Listener (QESTRAL) model of spatial quality developed for domestic audio systems. The QESTRAL model was modified to use a combination of existing and newly created metrics, based on---in order of importance---the interaural cross-correlation, reproduced source angle, scene width, level, entropy, and spectral roll-off. The resulting model predicts the overall spatial quality of two-channel and five-channel automotive audio systems with a cross-validation R2 of 0.85 and root-mean-square error (RMSE) of 11.03%. The performance of the modified model improved considerably for automotive applications compared with that of the original model, which had a prediction R2 of 0.72 and RMSE of 29.39%. Modifying the model for automotive audio systems did not invalidate its use for domestic audio systems, which were predicted with an R2 of 0.77 and RMSE of 11.90%.
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