Vector-base amplitude panning (VBAP) aims at creating virtual sound sources at arbitrary directions within 3D multichannel sound reproduction systems. However, VBAP does not consistently produce listener-specific monaural spectral cues that are essential for localization of sound sources in sagittal planes, including the front-back and up-down dimensions. In order to better understand the limitations of VBAP, a functional model approximating human processing of spectro-spatial information was applied to assess accuracy in sagittal-plane localization of virtual sources created by means of VBAP. The model predicted a strong dependence on listeners’ individual head-related transfer functions, on virtual source directions, and on loudspeaker arrangements. In general, simulations showed a systematic degradation with increasing polar-angle span between neighboring loudspeakers.
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