The literature on gradient and differential microphone arrays makes a distinction between the two types, and nevertheless shows how both types can be used to obtain the same directional responses. A more theoretically sound rationale for using delays in differential microphone arrays has not yet been given. This paper presents a gradient analysis of the sound field viewed as a spatio-temporal phenomenon, and gives a theoretical interpretation of the working principles of gradient and differential microphone arrays. It shows that both types of microphone arrays can be viewed as devices for approximately measuring spatio-temporal derivatives of the sound field. Furthermore, it also motivates the design of high-order differential microphone arrays using the aforementioned spatio-temporal gradient analysis.

Authors: Kolundzija, Mihailo; Vetterli, Martin; Faller, Christof
Affiliations: Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA(See document for exact affiliation information.)
AES Convention: 126 (May 2009) Paper Number: 7772
Publication Date: May 1, 2009
Subject: Microphones and Headphones

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