This paper presents a systematic review of the existing range and current state of the art in audio-based assistive technology for the visually impaired (VI). Electronic travel aid (ETA) systems that attempt to provide the VI with navigational assistance have existed for some time. These range from beacon or tag-based guidance systems to complex vision-to-audio sensory substitution solutions, often employing miniaturised depth cameras and detailed sonification schemes. The key issues for future spatial audio travel aids to overcome are improving vertical localisation, optimising the sonification scheme for 3D binaural audio and implementing a method to externalise audio convincingly. The paper provides discussion on solutions to these issues such as using personalised HRTFs, selecting stimuli with a broad spectral content and adding an environment-appropriate synthetic reverb to help with the externalisation of detected objects. The paper concludes by defining an ideal specification allowing for a comprehensive ETA to be realised.
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